The five common ones
USGS, Piedmont and Blue Ridge groundwater
- Iron. Orange or brown staining in sinks, tubs and toilets. Rust-coloured laundry. A metallic taste. USGS found iron exceedances across more than half the geozones studied.
- Manganese. Grey or black staining and a different taste. “Manganese exceeded the MCL of 0.05 mg/L for wells in six geozones.”
- Sulfur. The rotten-egg smell, usually strongest at the hot tap.
- Low pH. The quiet one. “All geozones, with the exception of the Grenville gneiss geozone, had multiple wells with pH values outside the range of 6.5 to 8.5, most of which were less than 6.5.” Acidic water dissolves copper from the inside: blue-green staining, pinhole leaks, a water heater that failed years early.
- Hardness. Here, unlike on city water, a softener genuinely earns its keep.
USGS Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5149 · read it